John J. Mearsheimer’s The Tragedy of Great Power Politics challenges this optimistic vision by introducing „offensive realism,“ a powerful theory in international relations. Mearsheimer contends that the very structure of the international system—defined by anarchy and the absence of a central authority—compels great powers to relentlessly seek dominance and maximize their power for survival. He outlines five core assumptions: anarchy, offensive military capabilities, uncertainty about other states’ intentions, survival as the primary goal, and rationality. These conditions, he argues, drive states into perpetual competition, often resulting in conflict and insecurity even when peace is desired.

Drawing on historical examples from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, Mearsheimer demonstrates how states like Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union have consistently pursued regional hegemony, and he warns that this tragic pattern is likely to continue. His analysis shows that, contrary to the hope for a peaceful era, the quest for security in an anarchic world often leads to rivalry, mistrust, and even war.